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Amantadine hydrochloride (1), a well-known antiviral drug, has been used to treat certain type-A influenza infections and been also medicated as an anti-dyskinetic agent for Parkinson’s disease. In this paper, we report a simple and economical procedure for synthesis of amantadine hydrochloride (1) from 1-bromoadamantane (3) and urea in a one-step procedure with high yield (81%) and advantage. The structure of the obtained amantadine hydrochloride was confirmed by MS, 1H-NMR and 13CNMR spectra and its quality was validated following the United State Pharmacopeia (USP 38). In addition, the synthesis condition was optimized following parameters including reaction reagent as source of nitrogen, reaction temperature, reaction time, reagent molar-ratio, solvent and HCl concentration, suc... |
Vietnamese ginseng (VG) (Panax vietnamensis, Araliaceae) is indigenous in the central highlands of Vietnam and the southernmost distribution in the Panax genus. Compared to the long history of use and overall research on Korean ginseng and American ginseng, the up‑to‑date publication on VG is relatively much less extensive. The studies on VG have been reported focusing on phylogenetic analysis, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activity. To date, there is no systematic review of VG. In this review, the phytochemical profile including 52 individual saponins of VG is described, it becomes noteworthy that ocotillol‑type ginsenosides including majonoside R1 and majonoside R2 are unique and dominate in the title plant of the Panax spp. In addition, various pharmacological activities of... |
Elaeocarpus hainanensis has been used in the Oriental medicine but there are very few studies on its phytochemical profile. Our ongoing research on chemical constituents from Elaeocarpus plants in Vietnam led to the isolation of a new oleanane-type saponin from the aerial part of E. hainanensis. Its structure was identified as 1α-hydroxy-olean-11-oxo-12-en-3-O-β-L-arabinopyranoside (1) on the basis of extensive chemical and spectroscopic analyses including NMR and MS spectra. The occurence of the unique oleananetype saponins in E. hainanensis contributed to impact phytochemical profile associated with chemotaxanomy meaning of the title plant. |
