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The rise of global waste and the decline of fossil fuels are calling for recycling waste into energy and materials. For example, rice straw, a by-product of rice cultivation, can be converted into biogas and by-products with added value, e.g., biofertilizer, yet processing rice straw is limited by the low energy content, high ash and silica, low nitrogen, high moisture, and high-quality variability. Here, we review the recycling of rice straw with focus on the global and Chinese energy situations, conversion of rice straw into energy and gas, biogas digestate management, cogeneration, biogas upgrading, bioeconomy, and life cycle assessment. The quality of rice straw can be improved by pretreatments, such as baling, ensiling, and co-digestion of rice straw with other feedstocks. The ... |
This open access handbook, Ten Crises systematically traces the economic history
of China from 1949 to 2020, unravelling the complex domestic and global factors
leading to the cyclical crises identified by WEN and his research team, and
examining the corresponding counteracting policies and measures by the
government to resolve or defer the crises. The book offers profound insights into
China’s endeavours and predicaments on the path of modernization, and
contemplates opportunities and lessons for the forging of alternative trajectories
not only for China but also for the global south: to reconstruct rural communities
for integrated cooperation and governance, and to revitalize ecological civilization. |