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Bayesian approaches to legal reasoning propose causal models of the relation between evidence, the credibility of evidence, and ultimate hypotheses, or verdicts. They assume that legal reasoning is the process whereby one infers the posterior probability of a verdict based on observed evidence, or facts. In practice, legal reasoning does not operate quite that way. Legal reasoning is also an attempt at inferring applicable rules derived from legal precedents or statutes based on the facts at hand. To make such an inference, legal reasoning follows syllogistic logic and first order transitivity. |
One of the biggest problems faced by consumers seeking redress for financial harm is the prohibitive expense and impracticality of bringing low-value individual legal proceedings. The Consumer Rights Act 2015 introduced a new regime for collective redress for competition law infringements whereby for the first time, claims may be brought on an opt-out basis. The new regime was examined by the Supreme Court in its recent decision in Merricks v Mastercard. The Mastercard claim raises important questions about consumer remedies, access to justice, litigation funding and practical enforcement issues. This paper examines the decision through the lens of behavioural science, seeking insight... |
Child maltreatment remains a major health threat globally that requires the understanding of socioeconomic and cultural contexts to craft effective interventions. However, little is known about research agendas globally and the development of knowledge-producing networks in this field of study. This study aims to explore the bibliometric overview on child maltreatment publications to understand their growth from 1916 to 2018. Data from the Web of Science Core Collection were collected in May 2018. Only research articles and reviews written in the English language were included, with no restrictions by publication date. We analyzed publication years, number of papers, journals, authors... |
Recently, Asia has emerged as a new hub of international students, apart from the traditional hosts such as North America, Europe or Australia. Along with this phenomenon, there has been increasing international education scholars selecting international student mobilities in Asia as objects of research. Nevertheless, there has not yet any systematic knowledge about the existing literature on international student mobilities in Asia-related studies. This project aims to fulfil this void by analyzing data obtained from Scopus dataset from 1984 to 2019. Using descriptive statistics as well as advanced bibliometric analyses, the review identified influential documents, topics, sources wh... |
The mental health of university students is not only a predominant topic for psychology and education researchers but also a source of interest for policymakers and various stakeholders. Although there has been a lot of research on higher education students’ mental health, we have little understanding on the mental health of international students (MHIS). Despite their distinctive characteristics compared to native students, the mental health issues of international students only started receiving attention very recently. So far, the literature on this topic lacks a comprehensive overview of its sub-topic and trending issues. By using bibliometric analysis, this research aims to fulfi... |
The mental health of university students is not only a predominant topic for psychology and education researchers but also a source of interest for policymakers and various stakeholders. Although there has been a lot of research on higher education students’ mental health, we have little understanding on the mental health of international students (MHIS). Despite their distinctive characteristics compared to native students, the mental health issues of international students only started receiving attention very recently. So far, the literature on this topic lacks a comprehensive overview of its sub-topic and trending issues. By using bibliometric analysis, this research aims to fulfi... |
This study adopts the bibliometric approach to identify the key characteristics in the relationship of demographic factors (age, gender, affiliations, and locations), scientific productivity, and the collaboration among development economics researchers in Vietnam during the period 2008–2020. Overall, the number of publications and authors in development economics are rising steeply with the average annual growth rate of nearly 23% and 26%, respectively. Moreover, the ‘quality’ of the research appears to be high as 59% of the articles are published in journals in the first and second quartile according Scimago journal ranking. However, the citation counts for these studies indicate th... |
This study adopts the bibliometric approach to identify the key characteristics in the relationship of demographic factors (age, gender, affiliations, and locations), scientific productivity, and the collaboration among development economics researchers in Vietnam during the period 2008–2020. Overall, the number of publications and authors in development economics are rising steeply with the average annual growth rate of nearly 23% and 26%, respectively. Moreover, the ‘quality’ of the research appears to be high as 59% of the articles are published in journals in the first and second quartile according Scimago journal ranking. However, the citation counts for these studies indicate th... |
"A Byte of Python" is a free book on programming using the Python language. It serves as a tutorial or guide to the Python language for a beginner audience. If all you know about computers is how to save text files, then this is the book for you. |
Climate change is a global threat, and inhalational anesthetics contribute to global warming by altering the photophysical properties of the atmosphere. On a global perspective, there is a fundamental need to reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality and to provide safe anesthesia. Thus, inhalational anesthetics will remain a significant source of emissions in the foreseeable future. It is, therefore, necessary to develop and implement strategies to minimize the consumption of inhalational anesthetics to reduce the ecological footprint of inhalational anesthesia. |
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is a condition that causes severe pain in the throat during swallowing. Although carbamazepine is a viable option for treating glossopharyngeal neuralgia, there are minimal data regarding the effect of alternative agents to treat it. We report on glossopharyngeal neuralgia, which is successfully controlled by levetiracetam. |
The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve which is a branch of the trigeminal nerve and provides general sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and this nerve lies deep to the hyoglossus muscle (Dotiwala and Samra 2018). |
Answering a question of Conway and Guy (SIAM Rev. 11:78-82, 1969), Lángi (Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 54: 501-516, 2022) proved the existence of a monostable polyhedron with n-fold rotational symmetry for any n≥3
, and arbitrarily close to a Euclidean ball. In this paper we strengthen this result by characterizing the possible symmetry groups of all mono-monostatic smooth convex bodies and convex polyhedra. Our result also answers a stronger version of the question of Conway and Guy, asked in the above paper of Lángi. |
We propose and analyze a new class of three dimensional space models that describes infectious diseases caused by viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). This work constructs a Reaction–Diffusion-Ordinary Differential Equation model of virus dynamics, including absorption effect, cell proliferation, time delay, and a generalized incidence rate function. By constructing suitable Lyapunov functionals, we show that the model has threshold dynamics: if the basic reproduction number R0(τ)≤1, then the uninfected equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, whereas if R0(τ)>1, and under certain conditions, the infected equilibrium is globally asymptotically sta... |
The current trend towards more renewable and sustainable energy generation leads to an increased interest in new energy management systems and the concept of a smart grid. One important aspect of this is local energy trading, which is an extension of existing electricity markets by including prosumers, who are consumers also producing electricity. Prosumers having a surplus of energy may directly trade this surplus with other prosumers, who are currently in demand. In this paper, we present an overview of the literature in the area of local energy trading. In order to provide structure to the broad range of publications, we identify key characteristics, define the various settings, an... |
Aiming at solving the problems of low success rate and weak robustness of object tracking algorithms based on siamese network in complex scenes with occlusion, deformation, and rotation, a siamese network object tracking algorithm with attention network and adaptive loss function (SiamANAL) is proposed. Firstly, the multi-layer feature fusion module for template branch (MFFMT) and the multi-layer feature fusion module for search branch (MFFMS) are designed. The modified convolutional neural networks (CNN) are used for feature extraction through the fusion module to solve the problem of features loss caused by too deep network. |
Recent technologies advancements promise to change our lives dramatically in the near future. A new different living society is progressively emerging, witnessed from the conception of novel digital ecosystems, where humans are expected to share their own spaces and habits with machines. Humanoid robots are more and more being developed and provided with enriched functionalities; however, they are still lacking in many ways. One important goal in this sense is to enrich their cognitive capabilities, to make them more “intelligent” in order to better support humans in both daily and special activities. |
Landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs) are very crucial for planning policies in hazardous areas. However, the accuracy and reliability of LSMs depend on available data and the selection of suitable methods. This study is conducted to produce LSMs by combinations of machine learning methods and weighting techniques for Ha Giang province, Vietnam, where has limited data. In study area, we gather 11 landslide conditioning factors and establish a landslide inventory map. Computing the weights of classes (or factors) is very important to prepare data for machine learning methods to generate LSMs. We first use frequency ratio (FR) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques to generate t... |
Landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs) are very crucial for planning policies in hazardous areas. However, the accuracy and reliability of LSMs depend on available data and the selection of suitable methods. This study is conducted to produce LSMs by combinations of machine learning methods and weighting techniques for Ha Giang province, Vietnam, where has limited data. In study area, we gather 11 landslide conditioning factors and establish a landslide inventory map. Computing the weights of classes (or factors) is very important to prepare data for machine learning methods to generate LSMs. We first use frequency ratio (FR) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques to generate t... |
Gendered language is becoming a matter of serious concern for legal drafters and policymakers because 'it is always changing as societal views change' (The University of Calgary: Office of diversity, equity and protected disclosure 2017:1). Many western countries have made considerable progress towards using inclusive legal language. However, inclusive language is not implemented in other parts of the World; the Arab World is no exception. This may be due to the violation of language rules, the decline of language, and the lack of enough evidence that changing the language will change society (Brown in ABA J, 2019) and (Brown in ABA J: 24–26, 2018). In this paper, I explore the challe... |
